Ambardar, Sheenie, and David Bienenfeld. “Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology and Etiology.” Medscape Reference, 27 September 2023, https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1519417-overview?form=fpf#a5. Accessed 16 August 2024.

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Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) is estimated to be present in 0.5% of the general U.S. population, but it is found in 2% to 16% of individuals seeking help from mental health professionals. Prevalence is notably higher in specific populations, including 20% of the military population, 17% of first-year medical students, and 6% of the forensic population. NPD typically manifests by early adulthood and may worsen in middle or old age. It is more commonly diagnosed in males, who account for approximately 75% of those diagnosed with the disorder.

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