This study reviews 76 papers on the subject of female reproductive hormones, particularly those which look into correlations with mood disorders. They acknowledge that there are both hormonal and social reasons for a higher likelihood of mood disorders in women compared to men (as much as twice as likely); not only do female hormones greatly fluctuate across their reproductive cycle, but there are discriminatory factors which can contribute to low self-esteem. There may also be less men diagnosed due to societal standards. 

This study reconfirms the fact that those who have a pre-existing mood disorder are more likely to see the exacerbation of the disorder during the late luteal and early follicular phases of their menstrual cycle. Additionally, it has been seen that depression symptoms are highly prevalent during pregnancy, and those who experience symptoms of depression throughout their pregnancy, or have a history of depressive symptoms, are more likely to experience the "baby blues" or extreme feelings of sadness after giving birth. While some are able to make a quick recovery after a couple of weeks, others experience prolonged depressive symptoms (postpartum depression). 

Altogether, this review recognizes that there are many different factors in female mental health. Many of these factors are hormonal and can show up even after menopause, which signals the end of female fertility and the menstrual cycle. 

Conclusions of the Study

Wieczorek, K., Targonskaya, A., & Maslowski, K. (2023). Reproductive hormones and female mental wellbeing. Women, 3(3), 432-444.

Rutgers University

References for Pregnancy & Mental Health

Miller, L. J. (2002). Postpartum depression. Jama, 287(6), 762-765.

Postpartum Depression

Weinstock, M. (2005). The potential influence of maternal stress hormones on development and mental health of the offspring. Brain, behavior, and immunity, 19(4), 296-308.

The Potential Influence of Maternal Stress Hormones on Development & Mental Health of Offspring

Reproductive Hormones & Female Mental Wellbeing

O'Hara, M. W. (2009). Postpartum depression: what we know. Journal of clinical psychology, 65(12), 1258-1269.

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