- Young people experience more perceived stigma than older people.
- Men experienced perceived stigma more than women
- People with visual impairments experienced the highest level of perceived stigma, followed by individuals with mobility impairments. Those with difficulties in self-care experienced the lowest level of perceived stigma.
- The perception of stigma did not show a linear correlation with educational level. Those who completed primary school or undergraduate studies had the lowest stigma perception rates (36%). In contrast, individuals who finished vocational college had the highest stigma perception rate (62%), followed by those who never attended or did not complete primary school.


Portland State University

In Vietnam, a study was conducted to measure stigma using the Perceived Stigma Scale, which focuses on disabled people. The scale consisted of two questions, and if respondents chose "a little" or more for both questions, they were considered to have experienced perceived stigma. This scale was used in conjunction with three other scales to assess the relationship between perceived stigma, mental well-being, and disabled people's social participation.
1. In the past 12 months, how much embarrassment did you experience because of your disability?
2. In the past 12 months, how much discrimination or unfair treatment did you experience because of your disability?


Study Using the Perceived Stigma Scale

Zhang, W., Bjørnstøl, E., Ding, P., Gao, W., Liu, H., & Liu, Y. (2023). Disability, Sexuality, and Gender in Asia. In Routledge eBooks. Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003170297

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