More results regarding the study:

• students who used study strategies like spacing and self-testing according to the survey showed higher grades than students who crammed
• there was a correlation of use of study strategies and grade improvements: for spacing, there was a 5.7-6.2% grade increase and for self-testing, there was a 4.6-6.5% grade increase
• according to the ANOVA, URM students had a worse overall final grade compared to non-URM students (because while URM students who used study strategies got similar grades to non-URM students, URM students who did not report using these strategies got worse grades than non-URM students who did not use spacing/self-testing)
• it should be noted that maintaining the use of spacing (for 2016 and 2017 students) and self-testing (for 2017 students) correlated with a higher grade compared to simply adopting the use of study strategies