
- unhealthy attachment
- high in temperamental reactivity
- maternal stress during pregnancy


Arizona State University

Noncompliance occurs when the individual displays an adverse response to a given command outside the appropriate range of time.

Operationalizing Noncompliance 

Matthys, & Lochman, J. E. (2017). Oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder in childhood (Second edition.). Wiley Blackwell.


Oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder in childhood 

Compliance is measured in terms of the duration of time it takes the individual to respond to the command and whether the response is appropriate. A reasonable period of initiation of compliance occurs in a range of five to 15 seconds.

Measuring Compliance

During chilldhood, noncompliance is the result of a biddirectional interactional process between the child and parent

Noncompliant Behavior is not a Stand-Alone Behavior

Risk Factors Related to Noncompliance During Childhood

- secure attachment
- low temperamental reactivity
- praise
- positive discipline (including nonverbal responses)
- COMT Met allleles 

Protective Factors Against Noncompliance During Childhood

- Passive (ignoring)
- Active (explicitly resisting)

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