Prior knowledge on the topic in the text would undermine the effects of titles in terms of free recall, since readers would not need any titles to clarify meanings or understand any knowledge structures

Prior Knowledge undermines the effects of titles

- readers would be expected to remember more about title-relevant information than non-title-relevant information
- this effect is more prominent when the content is unclear or ambiguous

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- thematic titles can be either a description of an event (e.g. history event) or of a procedure
- and can provide insights into the content

What are Thematic Titles

Lorch, R. F. (1989). Text-signaling devices and their effects on reading and memory processes. Educational psychology review, 1(3), 209-234.

Text-signaling devices and their effects on reading and memory processes

Selective Effects of thematic titles on memory

- there is no obvious influence of low thematic titles on free recall

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