Concept

Self-Reflection and the Illusion of Multiplicity in Attar's Mokhtar Nameh (Poem 93)

In Poem 93 of the Mokhtar Nameh, Attar argues that our perception of external reality and others is a reflection of our own inner state. He describes the spiritual error of seeing multiplicity (seeing one as a hundred) as a form of vision far worse than physical double-vision (seeing one as two), emphasizing that true spiritual vision recognizes everything as coming from the self.

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Updated 2026-07-04

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Humanities

Literature

Persian Literature Prerequisite Course