A schema is a mental construct that serves as a cognitive framework for organizing knowledge. It consists of a cluster of interconnected concepts based on prior experiences, as originally proposed by Bartlett in 1932. Schemata is the plural form of schema.

Schema

Models that organize concepts through entities and relationships but do not compute anything.

Conceptual model

A prototype is the most representative or ideal example of a concept that the brain uses as a technique for organizing information. An individual's prototype for a concept is often shaped by their early and personal experiences. For instance, one's mental image of a 'dog' is likely influenced by the breed of their first pet.

Prototype in Information Organization

Natural concepts are mental categories formed organically through personal experiences. These experiences can be either direct, such as first-hand sensory observations and physical interactions, or indirect, such as acquiring knowledge through media like books and films. In both cases, the conceptual understanding is constructed from real-world experiences.

Natural Concepts

Encompasses all of the possible examples of a concept. For example the category of dogs includes poodles, pugs and bulldogs. 

Artificial Concepts

- Information
- Mathematics
- Statistics
- Computing
- Logic
- Artificial Intelligence
- Game Theory
- Systems Theory
- Decision Theory
- Theoretical Linguistics 

Concepts Studied in Formal Science

Characteristics of the functions that occur in different environments such as:
- Schema

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

Characteristics in the environment that occur frequently. Two major types are:
- Physical regularities
- Semantic regularities

Regularities in the environment

Goldstein, E. B. (2014). Cognitive psychology: Connecting mind, research and everyday experience. Nelson Education.


Cognitive psychology: Connecting mind, research and everyday experience

Regularities that occur in physical aspects of the environment. They include:
- the oblique effect
- light-from above assumption

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