Sentences that appear to mean one thing in the beginning, but mean something else in the end. For example "After the musician played the piano... was wheeled  off stage". Reading the first part "After the musician played the piano..." may leave you thinking that the sentence will be talking about the musician, but it ends up finishing with something about the piano.

Garden path sentences

As people read a sentence, they group words into phrased based on syntactic rules. If their interpretation is wrong, they will look for new information to take into account to form coherency.

Syntax-first approach to parsing

A textual unit that is composed of one or more words, parsed together and following some syntactical rules.

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Syntax is a fundamental component of a language's grammar that dictates the rules for arranging and organizing individual words into coherent, structured sentences.

Syntax

Semantics is the specific aspect of a language's grammar focused on meaning. It involves the process of extracting and deriving meaning from words and their smallest meaningful units, known as morphemes.

Semantics

Combining groups of words into phrases. Important in determining the meaning of a sentence.

Parsing

The smallest sequence of phonemes that can be combined to form some meaning (morphemes).

Words (linguistics)

Wikipedia

Reference of Foundations of Large Language Models Course

Broca's aphasia is a condition resulting from damage to Broca's area, characterized by significant difficulty in producing language in any form. Individuals with this condition may lose the ability to speak or write, even though their cognitive understanding and the physical mechanisms for speech (mouth and vocal cords) remain intact.

Broca's Aphasia

Sentence (linguistics)

Those with damage to Wernicke's area (in the temporal lobe), speak fluently and are grammatically correct, but their sentences have nonsensical meaning - problems with the semantics of their speech.

Wernicke's Aphasia

The accuracy of a model refers to the correctness of the way it represents the semantics of the domain in the focus. 

Accuracy of a Validated Conceptual Model

the redundancy-freeness of a model means that no part of it is unnecessary. This means that none of the semantics that makes up the domain in focus should be unique and essential.

Redundancy-Freeness of a Validated Conceptual Model

The Conflict-Freeness of a model means that no part of it conflicts with another part. This means that none of the semantics that makes up the domain in focus should contradict one another. 

Conflict-Freeness of a Validated Conceptual Model

The completeness of a model means it contains all the parts needed to be whole. Parts of a conceptual model refer to the semantics apartof the domain in focus.

Completeness of a Validated Conceptual Model

- Syntax-first approach
- Interactionist approach 

Approaches to parsing

Stores our knowledge of words. Contains what a word means, how it sounds and how they are used in relation to other words.

Lexicon

It is easier to identify letters when they contain in a word (FORK) than when they are by themselves (K) or in a nonword (RFKO).

Word Superiority Effect

How often (the frequency) that a word appears in some text or speech.

Word Frequency

A word can have multiple meanings. For example book can mean something to read or to schedule something like a hotel room.

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