Concept

Shabestari's Concept of the Perfect Man (Insan-e Kamil) in Golshan-e Raz

In Section 20 of Golshan-e Raz, Mahmud Shabestari addresses the question posed in Section 16 by defining the characteristics of the 'Perfect Man' (mard-e tamam or insan-e kamil). Shabestari explains that the Perfect Man is one who, despite attaining supreme spiritual mastery and returning to permanence (baqa) after annihilation (fana), humbly performs the duties of a servant. This figure perfectly harmonizes the outward religious law (shari'at), the spiritual path (tariqat), and the ultimate metaphysical truth (haqiqat), embodying supreme ethical virtues while remaining hidden among ordinary people.

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Updated 2026-07-02

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