Hummel, T., Sekinger, B., Wolf, S., Pauli, E., & Kobal, G. (1997). 'Sniffin' Sticks': Olfactory Performance Assessed by the Combined Testing of Odor Identification, Odor Discrimination and Olfactory Threshold. Chemical Senses, Volume 22, Issue 1, February 1997, Pages 39-52, https://doi.org/10.1093/chemse/22.1.39

University of California, Berkeley

Olfactory training is a non-pharmacological and non-surgical treatment for patients with olfactory dysfunction. UPSIT (University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test) is the most common olfactory training in North America. UPSIT is based on microencapsulated odorants released from the surface of strips. Each subject tags 40 odorants on a multiple-choice list.

Olfactory training

Kronenbuerger, M. & Pilgramm, M. (2020). Olfactory Training. Treasure Island: StatPearls Publishing.

Olfactory Training (2020)

'Sniffin' Sticks': Olfactory Performance Assessed by the Combined Testing of Odor Identification, Odor Discrimination and Olfactory Threshold (1997)

Olfactory training was performed by 40 subjects, and other 16 patients in the group did not perform the training. The postinfectious group (URTI) consisted of 35 patients; the post-traumatic group of 7 patients; the idiopathic group of 14 patients. The training tested on the abilities of threshold, discrimination, and identification, the overall score was reported as TDI-score. The study reported that the approximately 30% of patients increased their olfactory function over a period of 12 weeks, and the improvement was found in all three groups of patients. However, more research still need to be done for determining the duration of the improvement, responsiveness to odors at the level of the olfactory epithelium, volume of the olfactory bulb, and effects using different testing methods.

Medical effects of olfactory training on patients

Two groups of elders were tested, one with olfactory training, the other is the control group. The subjects were around 80 years old. The olfactory score from the control group did not differ from the training group before the 3-month training. After the training, the training group scored higher than the control group in odor threshold performance and odor identification performance. However, the score did not exhibit a significant increase between the two tests. Therefore, the conclusion was made that olfactory training can prevent the olfactory deterioration, but it can not improve the olfactory function in elders.

Olfactory training preventing olfactory deterioration

COVID-19 patients often report experiencing parosmia, even after the other symptoms had already recovered. However, through olfactory training, the patients' olfactory functions recovered slowly. The olfactory system in the patients exhibited significant plasticity and the ability to develop new neural connections.

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