Which of the following best describes the psychological phenomenon of social facilitation?

Social facilitation is a psychological phenomenon where being watched by others while performing a highly practiced task increases an individual's tendency to make correct responses. It is one of the behaviors explained by Zajonc's drive theory.

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Zajonc's drive theory serves as a prime example of how scientific theories use unobservable concepts to explain complex phenomena. The theory explains social facilitation and social inhibition by proposing that being observed by an audience triggers a state of physiological arousal. This unobserved arousal increases the probability of an individual executing their dominant response, leading to better performance on well-practiced tasks but worse performance on relatively unpracticed ones.

Zajonc's Drive Theory

Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020, April 22). Psychology (2nd ed.). OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction

OpenStax Psychology (2nd ed.) Textbook

https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/psychmethods4e/

KPU Research Methods in Psychology - 4th American Edition

Social inhibition is a psychological phenomenon where being watched by others while performing a relatively unpracticed task increases an individual's tendency to make incorrect responses. This behavior, alongside social facilitation, is explained by Zajonc's drive theory.

Social Inhibition

The relationship between theories and hypotheses can be illustrated using an 'if-then' logical structure derived from Zajonc's drive theory. For example, a researcher might state: 'If drive theory is correct, then cockroaches should run through a straight runway faster, and a branching runway more slowly, when other cockroaches are present.' This specific prediction about cockroach behavior under observation demonstrates how an observable hypothesis is logically deduced from a broader theoretical framework.

Example of an 'If-Then' Hypothesis: Cockroach Study

To illustrate how a theory can be updated rather than discarded, consider Robert Zajonc's work on social facilitation. Had Zajonc not observed social facilitation in cockroaches, he might not have rejected drive theory altogether. Instead, he could have adjusted the theory by adding a boundary condition, proposing that drive theory is valid but only applicable to organisms with highly developed nervous systems.

Example of Modifying a Theory

To empirically test his drive theory of social facilitation and inhibition, Robert Zajonc conducted a study using cockroaches. He hypothesized that the presence of other cockroaches would improve performance on a simple task but impair performance on a difficult one. Cockroaches were placed in either a simple straight runway or a complex cross-shaped maze, both while alone and in the presence of an audience of other cockroaches. The results showed that cockroaches completed the simple runway faster with an audience, but completed the complex maze slower when watched, confirming Zajonc's hypothesis and providing support for his drive theory.

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