Social factors often lead to health inequalities, which can alter disease transmission patterns and increase transmission rates. Key social factors influencing disease epidemiology include socioeconomic status, housing, race, ethnicity, gender, and education.

University of California, Davis

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Rapid urbanization has multiple impacts on disease epidemiology, which is the distribution, patterns, and determinants of health and disease conditions in a population. Two categories of these factors are:
- Human factors
- Social factors

Urbanization Effects that Influence Disease Epidemiology

- Population density
- Migration
- Trade
- Sanitation
- Access to clean water

Human Factors that Influence Disease Epidemiology

- Poor housing leads to proliferation of insect and rodent vector-borne diseases.

- Inadequate water supplies leads to water-borne diseases such as cholera.

- Lack of sanitation facilities and waste management creates breeding ground for pathogens.

- Lack of ventilation systems leads to respiratory tract infections.

- High density of inhabitants can increase the spread of infectious diseases.


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