Sodium yttrium fluoride (NaYF4) is an upconversion nanoparticle (UCN) with polyethylenimine coating, which gives it a hydrophilic characteristic. It has shown antiviral activity against both enveloped and non-enveloped viruses (Dengue virus serotype 2 and adenovirus type 5).

Smith College

Nanoparticles for photodynamic inactivation of the virus include but are not limited to the
following:  


- Sodium yttrium fluoride (NaYF4) with zinc phthalocyanine PS

- MXenes

- Fullerene

- Graphene

Photodynamic Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 with Nanomaterials

Weiss C, Carriere M, Fusco L, et al. Toward Nanotechnology-Enabled Approaches against the COVID-19 Pandemic. ACS Nano. 2020;14(6):6383-6406. doi:10.1021/acsnano.0c03697

Toward Nanotechnology-Enabled Approaches against the COVID-19 Pandemic

Sodium yttrium fluoride (NaYF4) with zinc phthalocyanine PS

MXenes are emerging as a promising tool to capture and degrade viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2. MXenes are light-to-heat converters that are capable of adsorbing virus and inactivating it by applying light. Some MXenes are antibacterial as well, likely due to their combined hydrophilic property and charge transfer ability. They are particularly promising for the development of coatings that are capable of capturing and inactivating viruses on face masks and other PPE. MXenes can also regenerate dialysate by removing toxins that build up in the setting of kidney failure - they may be able to address key limitations of current ambulatory dialysis systems by offering efficient urea adsorption, small size, and lightweight. 

- Biocompatible MXenes




2D Carbides and Nitrides (MXenes)

Graphene has become an engineering material with a variety of uses. For instance, graphene can serve as an effective barrier for masks, gloves, and gowns for medics against bacteria and viruses larger than 300 nm. Graphene has been used for effective photodynamic inactivation of viruses, including Semliki Forest virus, vesicular stomatitis virus, HSV-1, HIV-1, mosquito iridovirus, influenza A virus, and phage mS2.




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