Neurons, also known as nerves if they're in the peripheral nervous system, are the information carriers. There are aproximately 80-90 billion neurons in the adult human brain, arranged in complex networks and circuits that control behavior and body functions. The current theory about neurons is the neuron doctrine.

Neurons

The star-shaped cell. It extends in multiple directions connecting to multiple neurons. Astrocytes recieve synapses directly from neurons and seems to share information between multiple neurons at once. There is evidence that the astrocyte acts as a tripartite synapse. They are also involved in the formation and pruning of synapses.

Astrocyte

They are very small, highly active cells that continuously extend and withdraw. They act in sites of damage to form containment zones around the injury. It acts as a cleanup crew to remove debris from injured or dead cells. They also appear to be involved in the neural pain systems.

Microglial Cell

Cells that create and apply the myelin in the central nervous system. 

Oligodendrocytes

Cells that create and apply the myelin in the peripheral nervous system. 

Schwann Cells

Problems associated with specialized cells

The main types of the neurons (nerve cells) and the glial cells, which come in various forms.
- astrocyte
- microglial cell
- oligodendrocyte
- Schwann cell

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- specialized cells
- synapses
- central and peripheral nervous system
- neurotransmitters
- hormones
- brain region and their specialized functions
- brain support systems

Structures of Functional Neural Anatomy

This is the way that neurons are able to communicate with each other. There is a small area of space between the axon and the dendrite where the information is shared. This can be done through chemical or electrical synapses.

Synapse

Brain regions tend to be involved in a variety of functions even in typically developing people. Deprivation is able to change the function of specific regions through neural plasticity. 

Brain regions and their specific functions

The central and peripheral nervous system span the entire body, with central consisting of neurons in the brain and spinal cord, and peripheral using nerves (bundles of neurons) expanding into the body.

Central and Peripheral nervous system

Specialized Cells

- Three protective membranes
- Cerebral ventricles 
- Vascular system

Brain support systems

Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that are released by the pre-synaptic cell into the synapse that changes electrical activity in the post-synaptic cell.
- Considered endogenous (produced inside the body) substances 
- Binds to receptors on the post-synaptic cell and either suppresses or enhances post-synaptic cell activity.

Neurotransmitters

Hormones influence behavior, appetites, emotional levels, and aspects of aging in addition to many other behaviors and development. 


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