Dyslexia is an alternative term used to refer to a pattern of learning difficulties characterized by problems with accurate or fluent word recognition, poor decoding, and poor spelling abilities. If dyslexia is used to specify this particular pattern of difficulties, it is important also to specify any additional difficulties that are present, such as difficulties with reading comprehension or math reasoning.


Specific Learning DIsorder: Specified Impairment in Reading: Dyslexia

Dyslexia, the most prevalent learning disability among children, is characterized by an impaired ability to process letters correctly. This difficulty stems from a neurological issue with the brain's sound-processing mechanisms, which can make learning to read a frustrating experience.

Dyslexia

- Word reading accuracy
- Reading rate or fluency
- Reading comprehension


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The DSM-5-TR outlines a few specifiers to help specify the condition of Specific Learning Disorder according to the different foundational academic skills, or progress of the individual. These specifiers are as followed:

Specify if:
- With Impairment in Reading
- With Impairment in Written Expression
- With Impairment in Mathematics

Specify current severity:
- Mild
- Moderate
- Severe


[DSM-5-TR] Specifiers for Specific Learning Disorder

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., Text revision). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596

DSM-5-TR

Specific Learning Disorder: Specified impairment in Reading

- Spelling accuracy
- Grammar and punctuation accuracy
- Clarity or organization of written expression


Specific Learning Disorder: Specified Impairment in Written Expression 

- Number sense
- Memorization of arithmetic facts
- Accurate or fluent calculation
- Accurate math reasoning


Specific Learning Disorder: Specified Impairment in Mathematics

Some difficulties learning skills in one or two academic domains, but of mild enough severity that the individual may be able to compensate or function well when provided with appropriate accommodations or support services,especially during the school years.


Specific Learning Disorder: Specify Current Severity - Mild

 Marked difficulties learning skills in one or more academic domains, so that the individual is unlikely to become proficient without some intervals of intensive and specialized teaching during the school years. Some accommodations or supportive services at least part of the day at school, in the workplace, or at home may be needed to complete activities accurately and efficiently.

Specific Learning Disorder: Specify Current Severity - Moderate

Severe difficulties learning skills, affecting several academic domains, so that the individual is unlikely to learn those skills without ongoing intensive individualized and specialized teaching for most of the school years. Even with an array of appropriate accommodations or services at home, at school, or in the workplace, the individual may not be able to complete all activities efficiently.


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