Concept

Spiritual Polytheism and Divine Unity in Attar's Mokhtar Nameh (Poem 67)

In Poem 67 of Mokhtar Nameh, Attar discusses the concept of absolute Divine Unity (Tawhid) and redefines polytheism (Shirk) in a mystical context. He asserts that since existence is fundamentally One, focusing on the self or perceiving any 'other' besides the Divine constitutes a form of hidden polytheism. The spiritual traveler is urged to look beyond physical dimensions and dualities to realize that acknowledging duality in a unified existence contradicts the true essence of Tawhid.

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Updated 2026-07-03

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Humanities

Literature

Persian Literature Prerequisite Course