Proportionate stratified random sampling is a variation of stratified sampling used to select a sample where the proportion of respondents in each subgroup perfectly matches their corresponding proportion in the overall population. For instance, if a demographic group makes up exactly $$12.6\%$$ of the national population, this method guarantees they will constitute exactly $$12.6\%$$ of the study's final sample.

Proportionate Stratified Random Sampling

Disproportionate stratified random sampling is a probability sampling technique used to deliberately sample extra respondents from particularly small or marginalized subgroups within a population. By intentionally over-representing these minority strata compared to their actual population percentage, researchers ensure they gather sufficient data to draw statistically valid, standalone conclusions about those specific groups.

Disproportionate Stratified Random Sampling

Which of the following accurately describes the process of stratified random sampling?

Stratified random sampling is a probability sampling method where a target population is first divided into distinct subgroups, known as strata, often based on demographic traits. After these groups are established, a simple random sample is drawn independently from each stratum, ensuring that various segments of the population are represented appropriately in the study.

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A sampling frame is essentially a comprehensive list of all members of a specified population from which a researcher will select respondents. Sources for these frames can include telephone directories, lists of registered voters, hospital records, or even geographic maps. Establishing an accurate sampling frame is a necessary prerequisite for conducting most forms of probability sampling.

Sampling Frame

Probability sampling is a broad category of sampling methods where the researcher can mathematically specify the exact probability that each member of the defined population will be selected for the sample. Because it enables researchers to make highly accurate estimates about a population, it is the favored approach in survey research, though it requires a clear and precise specification of the target population before sampling begins.

Probability Sampling

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KPU Research Methods in Psychology - 4th American Edition

Stratified Random Sampling

Simple random sampling is a method for obtaining a study sample where every single member of the target population has an equal chance of being selected. While this approach is effective for ensuring a representative sample, it is often difficult or impossible to achieve in psychological research because populations are rarely defined clearly enough to give everyone an equal selection chance.

Simple Random Sampling

The 1936 Literary Digest straw poll was a survey conducted to predict the outcome of the presidential election between Alf Landon and Franklin Roosevelt. The magazine attempted to forecast the results by sending ballots, which were also subscription requests, to millions of Americans. Based on this method, the editors incorrectly predicted that Landon would win in a landslide.

1936 Literary Digest Straw Poll

Which of the following provides the best definition of a sampling frame?

Cluster sampling is a probability sampling technique where researchers randomly select larger groupings or 'clusters' of individuals—such as entire small towns or specific schools—and then randomly sample individuals from within those chosen clusters. This method minimizes travel and logistical costs for face-to-face interviews and is uniquely the only probability sampling approach that does not require a comprehensive sampling frame of the entire population.

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