Steps:
- Checking if a drug target can be reproduced from repeating an experiment
- Introducing a variation to the target environment

Techniques in Testing Reproducibility:
- Affinity chromatography
- Expression-cloning
- Protein microarray
- Reverse transfected cell microarray
- Biochemical suppression
- siRNA
- DNA microarray
- System biology
- Studying existing drugs

Techniques in Target Variation:
- Genetic manipulation of target genes (in vitro) by knocking the gene down (shRNA, siRNA, miRNA), the gene out (CRISPR), or the gene in (viral transfection of mutant genes) 
- Antibodies to block other interactions with the target with high affinity
- Chemical genomics (approaches combatting genome encoding protein)

Steps and Techniques in Target Validation

A gene, nucleic acid, or protein that may potentially combat a specific disease.

Target

The process of certifying a target of a small molecule. In other words, it is looking into the functional role of a target and seeing if a drug works in a clinical setting. 

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- 1: Target Identification
- 2: Target Validation
- 3: Lead Identification
- 4: Lead Optimization 
- 5: Product Characterization
- 6: Formulation and Development

Steps in Drug Discovery and Development

Deore, A., Dhumane, J., Wagh, R., & Sonawane, R. (2019). The Stages of Drug Discovery and Development Process. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 7(6), 62-67. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.22270/ajprd.v7i6.616

The Stages of Drug Discovery and Development Process

The process of determining a chemical lead.

3: Lead Identification

The process of determining a drug target. The methods behind this process can draw from disciplines like biology, biochemistry, genetics, or biophysics.

1: Target Identification

2: Target Validation

The characterization of a new drug molecule after it shows potential. Properties of characterization are based on early stages of pharmacological studies. Characterization covers molecule size, shape, strength, weakness, use, toxicity, and biological activity. 

5: Product Characterization

The characterization of physicochemical properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), with the purpose of producing an optimal drug dosage that is also bioavailable and stable. This also covers the path of intake.

6: Formulation and Development

The iterative process of designing and refining a drug candidate after identifying a chemical lead. The purpose is to keep favorable properties in lead compounds while filtering out or improving upon unfavorable ones.

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