Quantitative analysis was done on the atmetric and Mendeley data that was extracted. They compared years of publication to years of eretraction, looked at how many papers were retracted for each of the categories of reasons, and looked at citations trends and social media coverage after retraction.

University of California, Berkeley

This study looked at temporal characteristics of retracted articles such as the year of publication, the time after it was published before being retracted, citation counts after retraction, and social media attention. 

Temporal characteristics of retracted articles

Bar-Ilan, J., & Halevi, G. (2018). Temporal characteristics of retracted articles. Scientometrics, 116(3), 1771-1783. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11192-018-2802-y

They accessed the database of ScienceDirect, Elsevier in October of 2014. They extracted a total of 955 articles. Most papers have a note (Retraction Note) that details the reason why a paper was retracted. Three different categories for reason of retraction were established: ethical misconduct, scientific distortion, and administrative error. Year of retraction was determined by the Retraction Note. Altmetric data was collected using Mike Thelwall’s Webometrics Analyst, which has data from both Altmetric.com and Mendeley. Data from Mendeley was extracted four times between 2014 and 2018, and data from Altmetric.com was extracted once in January of 2018. 

Temporal characteristics of retracted articles data collection

Temporal characteristics of retracted articles methods

- more than 50% of the articles are retracted within 1 year
- scientific misconduct takes longer to be retracted while administrative errors are corrected within 5 years or less
- 632 (64%) articles retracted because of ethical misconduct 
- 311 (31%) articles retracted because of scientific distortion
- 52 (5%) articles retracted because of administrative reasons or for reasons that did not fit the other two categories 
- citations and reads continue to increase after retraction (in the four years, there were more than 30% increase of citations)
- articles in the scientific distortion category receive more citations than other categories

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