Testing for cystitis involves urine culture test strips that test for the presence of nitrate which is evident of *E. coli* or *K. pneumonia*. Leukocyte esterases are also tested for to see if there are white blood cells in the urine. This indicates an active infection.

University of Wisconsin - Madison

Many different pathogens are responsible for cystitis: 
- *Escherichia coli*
- *Proteus vulgaris*
- *Psuedomonas aeruginosa*
- *Klebsiella pneumoniae*
- *Staphylococcus saprophyticus*
- *Enterococcus faecalis*
- *Streptococcus agalactiae*

Pathogens causing Cystitis

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Microbiology covers the scope and sequence requirements for a single-semester microbiology course for non-majors. The book presents the core concepts of microbiology with a focus on applications for careers in allied health. The pedagogical features of the text make the material interesting and accessible while maintaining the career-application focus and scientific rigor inherent in the subject matter. Microbiology’s art program enhances students’ understanding of concepts through clear and effective illustrations, diagrams, and photographs.

Microbiology is produced through a collaborative publishing agreement between OpenStax and the American Society for Microbiology Press. The book aligns with the curriculum guidelines of the American Society for Microbiology.

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