"Chunking" is the process of storing the largest meaningful unit of information in short-term memory. Chunking allows more information to be perceived and processed and allows perception and recall of idea units rather than letters or single words.

Effect of Chunking on Reading Comprehension

Medium length lines may help reading efficiency. Return sweeps may be more accurate when lines are of medium length because the eye can see the beginning of the next line in peripheral vision when it is at the end of a line.

Effect of Line Length on Reading Comprehension

Extreme variability in line length may slow reading by disrupting the rhythm of eye movements, particularly of return sweeps.

Effect of Line-length Variability on Reading

- Chunking appears to be an advantage when line length and variability are held constant
- Medium-length lines are an advantage in reading when chunking and line-length variability are held constant
- Low line-length variability (i.e. a regular margin) may be an advantage in reading
- The advantage of chunking can be outweighed by the disadvantage of line-length variability

Relationships between the three format factors

- Text Chunking
- Text Line Length
- Line-length variability

New York University

Gaining understanding of a written text by coming to a conclusion of its meaning. Comprehension occurs based off of the reader's prior knowledge of language and ability to make inferences.

Reading Comprehension

The way children understand a story they are listening to or reading. Narrative processing develops throughout childhood depending on how a child can follow a character in a story.

Narrative Processing

- Assessing and measuring reading comprehension

Learning Analytics of Academic Performance

Moderate-emerging and high-chronic victims of peer victimization have lower reading scores at the start of school, but this goes away by 12th grade. Reading performance is not as affected by peer victimization as math performance is.

Peer Victimization and Reading Performance

Factors Affecting Reading Comprehension

Reading Comprehension in Experiment Design

- SAT
- ACT
- GRE
- LSAT
- MCAT
- GMAT
- TOEFL

Reading Comprehension in Standardized Tests

- Reading comprehension is very much related to cognitive psychology 
- Reading is a complex human behavior that requires higher cognitive demands 
- Reading comprehension is important for basic skills such as completing tax forms, reading menus, scholastic achievement, and more. 


Reading Comprehension + Cognitive Psychology

Text Format Factors Related to Reading Comprehension

- Question Answering Test: Students answer a worksheet of questions about a reading passage
- Recall Measures: Students retell the contents of a passage in their own words
- Oral Passage Reading Test: Students are timed while reading out loud; examiners score them
- Cloze Technique: Student writes or says missing words that have been deleted from a passage

Reading Comprehension Measures

Application questions, as contrasted to questions that repeated examples or questions on names of significant people, yield the greatest general facilitative effect on learning by prompting the student to inspect and comprehend thetext more thoroughly. 

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