The University of Michigan implemented the use of Learning Analytics (LA) to create a computer support system called E^2Coach (Expert Electronic Coach), to help students achieve higher grades in STEM courses.  


Better Than Expected: Using Learning Analytics to Promote Student Success in Gateway Science
Methods and Goals

Two experimental studies were conducted to investigate how Concept-Oriented Reading Instruction (CORI) influenced reading outcomes for third-grade students. In CORI, five motivational practices were combined with six cognitive strategies for reading comprehension. In the first study, researchers compared the CORI framework to an instructional framework that emphasizes Strategy Instruction (SI) but did not include motivation support. In the second study, researchers compared CORI to SI and a traditional instruction (TI) group.
The questions guiding this investigation were:
- To what extent does CORI differ from SI and TI in influencing reading comprehension of grade 3 students?
- To what extent does CORI differ from SI in influencing reading motivation or Grade 3 students?
- To what extent does CORI differ from SI in influencing comprehension strategies of Grade 3 students?


Increasing Reading Comprehension and Engagement Through Concept-Oriented Reading Instruction- Introduction

- "Increasing Reading Comprehension and Engagement Through Concept-Oriented Reading Instruction"
- "Measuring reading comprehension"
- "Measuring discourse-level processes with verbal protocols and latent semantic analysis"
- "Prediction of reading comprehension: Relative contributions of word recognition, language proficiency, and other cognitive skills can depend on how comprehension is measured"
- "Measures of reading comprehension: A latent variable analysis of the diagnostic assessment of reading comprehension"
- "Differences in text structure and its implications for assessment of struggling readers"

Literature on Measuring Reading Comprehension

- Graduate Record Examination (GRE)
- Gates-MacGinitie Reading Comprehension Test
- Neale Analysis of Reading Ability
- Woodcock-Johnson-III Passage Comprehension
- Gray Oral Reading Test
- Nelson-Denny Reading Comprehension Test
- Wechsler Individual Achievement Test (WIAT)
- Diagnostic Assessment of Reading Comprehension (DARC)
- California Achievement Test
- Metropolitan Achievement Test
- Stanford Achievement Test
- Iowa Test of Basic Skills
- Group Reading Assessment and Diagnostic Evaluation (GRADE)

Standardized tests used to measure reading comprehension

- "Estimating reading grade level equivalents using the American College Testing Program"
- "Validity of the ACT assessment as an indicator of reading ability"
- "The Validity of the ACT and Descriptive Tests of Language Skills for Developmental Students over a Four-Year College Program"
- "An investigation of reading and language abilities of college freshmen"
- "The predictive validity of the American College Test for students from low socioeconomic levels"
- "A comparison of the predictive validities of selected academic tests of the American College Test (ACT) Assessment Program and the descriptive tests of language skills for college freshmen in a basic skills program"

Literature on ACT Reading Comprehension

- Assessing and measuring reading comprehension

San Jose State University

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

- Feedback in education
- Achievement gap in education 
- Self regulation in education
- Student demographics
- Academic performance
- Data architecture

Focuses of Learning Analytics

Gaining understanding of a written text by coming to a conclusion of its meaning. Comprehension occurs based off of the reader's prior knowledge of language and ability to make inferences.

Reading Comprehension

Multiple studies have looked at different aspects of feedback to students: 
- Valence
- Assignment

Learning Analytics of Feedback in Education

Learning Analytics of Student Demographics

Learning Analytics References

Learning Analytics of Academic Performance

The way children understand a story they are listening to or reading. Narrative processing develops throughout childhood depending on how a child can follow a character in a story.

Narrative Processing

Moderate-emerging and high-chronic victims of peer victimization have lower reading scores at the start of school, but this goes away by 12th grade. Reading performance is not as affected by peer victimization as math performance is.

Peer Victimization and Reading Performance

Factors Affecting Reading Comprehension

Reading Comprehension in Experiment Design

- SAT
- ACT
- GRE
- LSAT
- MCAT
- GMAT
- TOEFL

Reading Comprehension in Standardized Tests

- Reading comprehension is very much related to cognitive psychology 
- Reading is a complex human behavior that requires higher cognitive demands 
- Reading comprehension is important for basic skills such as completing tax forms, reading menus, scholastic achievement, and more. 


Reading Comprehension + Cognitive Psychology

- Text Chunking
- Text Line Length
- Line-length variability

Text Format Factors Related to Reading Comprehension

- Question Answering Test: Students answer a worksheet of questions about a reading passage
- Recall Measures: Students retell the contents of a passage in their own words
- Oral Passage Reading Test: Students are timed while reading out loud; examiners score them
- Cloze Technique: Student writes or says missing words that have been deleted from a passage

Reading Comprehension Measures

Application questions, as contrasted to questions that repeated examples or questions on names of significant people, yield the greatest general facilitative effect on learning by prompting the student to inspect and comprehend thetext more thoroughly. 

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