The anterior cingulate cortex and the mid-cingulate cortex may be involved in the general process of ‘self-regulation’. This region is crucial for self-control, focused problem-solving, and adaptive behavioral responses under changing conditions. Therefore, the anterior cingulate cortex and mid-cingulate cortex may be important when the value of actions is uncertain or changing, and when multiple pieces of information must be considered to discern the optimal behavioral response. The anterior cingulate cortex and the mid-cingulate cortex have a role in decision-making and adaptively selecting actions based on anticipated outcomes; these regions are activated during reward processing, conflict monitoring, error detection, and pain.