Concept

The Beloved's Contradictory Actions: Companionship and Torment in Attar's Mokhtar Nameh (Chapter 32, Poem 40)

In Poem 40 of Chapter 32 in Attar's Mokhtar Nameh, the speaker describes the Beloved's highly unpredictable and contradictory behavior. The Beloved vacillates between offering comforting companionship to the weary heart and mercilessly burning and melting the lover like a candle. By simultaneously blocking the lover's spiritual path at night and casting them into fresh delusions by day, the poem highlights the total helplessness and bewilderment of the lover caught in the Beloved's absolute, arbitrary will.

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Updated 2026-07-05

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Humanities

Literature

Persian Literature Prerequisite Course