Concept

The Correspondence of Vice and Social Station in Jami's Baharestan Section 16

In Section 16 of Jami's Baharestan, the poet names three deeds that appear especially ugly (zesht) precisely because of who commits them. Harshness (tondi) is disgraceful in a king, whose power ought to be tempered by clemency and justice. Greed for wealth (hers) is shameful in the learned, whose knowledge should liberate them from material craving. Miserliness (bokhl) is repugnant in the wealthy, whose abundance ought to enable generosity. The epigram's teaching is that each fault is most disgraceful in the very station whose defining virtue it contradicts: a ruler should be gentle, a scholar detached, and a rich person open-handed.

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Updated 2026-07-20

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Persian Literature Prerequisite Course