A non-invasive method of brain stimulation that relies on electromagnetic induction using an insulated coil placed over the scalp which creates a magnetic field to induce a small electric current in a specific part of the brain.

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation 

- Mild electrical stimulation of brain sites
- Surgically implanted electrode
- Targets different brain regions
- Used to treat depression that did not benefit from other treatment options
- Recent studies call into question whether DBS is more effective than a placebo to reduce depression

Deep Brain Stimulation

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a form of psychotherapy centered on helping clients examine and change the relationship between their thoughts and their behaviors. The primary goal is to identify and modify cognitive distortions and self-defeating actions, thereby changing not only how individuals think but also how they act in response to various situations.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a biologically based treatment for severe mental disorders, particularly severe depression that has not responded to drug therapy. The procedure involves using an electrical current to induce seizures, which helps alleviate symptoms. While the exact mechanism of action is not understood, ECT has a high success rate, with about 85% of patients showing improvement. However, due to significant side effects like memory loss associated with repeated treatments, it is typically implemented as a last resort.

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

- Deep brain stimulation (DBS)
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
- Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
- Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

Michigan State University

University of Vermont

This list includes different theories or concepts that are used to explain, define, or otherwise provide further insight into the workings of depressive disorders. These include:
- The Cycle of Depression


Theories and Concepts Relevant to Depressive Disorders

Breedlove, S. & Watson, N. (2017). Behavioral neuroscience, eighth edition. Oxford University Press.

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