- Mild electrical stimulation of brain sites
- Surgically implanted electrode
- Targets different brain regions
- Used to treat depression that did not benefit from other treatment options
- Recent studies call into question whether DBS is more effective than a placebo to reduce depression

Michigan State University

- Deep brain stimulation (DBS)
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
- Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
- Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

The Cycle of Depression & Other Treatments for Depression

- Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
- Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
- Deep brain stimulation (DBS)
- Vagal nerve stimulation (VNS)

Somatic Therapy

Breedlove, S. & Watson, N. (2017). Behavioral neuroscience, eighth edition. Oxford University Press.

Behavioral Neuroscience 8th Edition

A non-invasive method of brain stimulation that relies on electromagnetic induction using an insulated coil placed over the scalp which creates a magnetic field to induce a small electric current in a specific part of the brain.

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation 

Deep Brain Stimulation

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a form of psychotherapy centered on helping clients examine and change the relationship between their thoughts and their behaviors. The primary goal is to identify and modify cognitive distortions and self-defeating actions, thereby changing not only how individuals think but also how they act in response to various situations.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a biologically based treatment for severe mental disorders, particularly severe depression that has not responded to drug therapy. The procedure involves using an electrical current to induce seizures, which helps alleviate symptoms. While the exact mechanism of action is not understood, ECT has a high success rate, with about 85% of patients showing improvement. However, due to significant side effects like memory loss associated with repeated treatments, it is typically implemented as a last resort.

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

Electroconvulsive therapy is one of the most historical and effective treatments. It is the most historical and well-known treatment method. Electroconvulsive therapy is a typical treatment that can be used in patients who are difficult or ineffective in drug treatment. Most patients who have been treated for electric convulsions show rapid improvement without significant side effects.

ECT ( Electroconvulsive therapy)

Mayo Clinic Websites for 
- Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
- Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
- Deep brain stimulation (DBS)
- Vagal nerve stimulation (VNS)

Note: Add references as needed.

References for Somatic Therapy 2.0

- Using a device to stimulate the vagus nerve (one vagus nerve located on each side of your body)
- alters brain activity to treat certain conditions

Vagal nerve stimulation (VNS)

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) uses a magnet to activate the brain. First developed in 1985, rTMS has been studied as a treatment for depression, psychosis, anxiety, and other disorders.

Unlike ECT, in which electrical stimulation is more generalized, rTMS can be targeted to a specific site in the brain. Scientists believe that focusing on a specific site in the brain reduces the chance for the types of side effects associated with ECT. But opinions vary as to what site is best.

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