Overview

In Section 28 of the Hadiqat al-Haqiqah ('On Entrusting the Kingdom'), Sanai offers a rigorous critique of rulers who rely on foolish, incompetent, or base-minded advisors. He argues that a ruler's governance is only as strong as their ministers and counsels, warning that unwise advisors inevitably lead the state to ruin.

Key Themes

• The Metaphor of Lightning (Nur-e Barq): Sanai compares the judgment of a foolish counselor (ray-e kam 'aql) to a flash of lightning. Just as one cannot read a letter by the brief and unstable flash of lightning—especially during a storm where there is danger of drowning—a ruler cannot navigate the complex challenges of statecraft using the fleeting and unreliable advice of the ignorant.
• The Destructive Impact of Bad Ministers: Even if a ruler is brave and powerful like a roaring lion, an incompetent or corrupt minister (vazir-e bad) will destroy the prosperity of the state. Sanai emphasizes that wise rulers naturally a...