Concept

The Enemy-Like Self and Spiritual Fortitude in Attar's Mokhtar Nameh (Poem 102)

In Poem 102 of the Mokhtar Nameh, Farid al-Din Attar portrays the carnal ego (Nafs) as an internal adversary, referring to it as the 'enemy-like self'. He petitions God for deliverance from his physical body, which he metaphorically likens to a suffocating furnace. A crucial aspect of this quatrain is its use of traditional Sufi symbolism regarding spiritual strength. Attar laments his spiritual weariness and weakness, begging God to grant him 'manliness' (mardanegi)—a well-established mystical term that denotes spiritual resolve, courage, and the fortitude required to conquer the ego on the Sufi path.

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Updated 2026-07-03

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Humanities

Literature

Persian Literature Prerequisite Course