The model consists of economic anxieties related to COVID, discrimination anxieties (xenophobia), PTSD symptoms related to COVID, anxieties of contamination and risk, and anxieties of constantly checking for COVID symptoms.

Syracuse University

It was first tested on a Canadian sample and then an American sample. Therefore it was able to be replicated and in different populations from other  countries as well. It uses a five-factor structure that was confirmed in both samples.

The Reasons Why the CSS is a Reliable Measure of Psychological Stress Related to COVID 19

Pakpour, Amir H., et al. “Assessing Psychological Response to the Covid-19: The Fear of Covid-19 Scale and the Covid Stress Scales.” International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, vol. 19, no. 6, 2020, pp. 2407–2410., https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00334-9. 

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