The model consists of economic anxieties related to COVID, discrimination anxieties (xenophobia), PTSD symptoms related to COVID, anxieties of contamination and risk, and anxieties of constantly checking for COVID symptoms.

The Five-Factor Structure Model for the CSS

It was first tested on a Canadian sample and then an American sample. Therefore it was able to be replicated and in different populations from other  countries as well. It uses a five-factor structure that was confirmed in both samples.

Syracuse University

A valid and reliable instrument that measures a person's psychological reaction or response due to COVID 19. 

COVID Stress Scales (CSS)

Pakpour, Amir H., et al. “Assessing Psychological Response to the Covid-19: The Fear of Covid-19 Scale and the Covid Stress Scales.” International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, vol. 19, no. 6, 2020, pp. 2407–2410., https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00334-9. 

The Reasons Why the CSS is a Reliable Measure of Psychological Stress Related to COVID 19

While it is good that the CSS measures psychological stress and anxiety so conclusively, it has the potential to be difficult in a healthcare environment because it takes longer to complete. This is due to how chaotic health environments can be.

Limitations of the CSS Instrument in Healthcare 

Allows physicians to compile a multidimensional and comprehensive report of the patient's anxiety and stress levels. It creates a very all-inclusive report that lead researchers to put it ahead of other measuring tools.

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