Concept

The Four Elements and Human Mortality in Attar's Mokhtar Nameh (Chapter 23, Poem 56)

In Chapter 23, Poem 56 of the Mokhtar Nameh, Farid al-Din Attar masterfully employs the imagery of the four classical elements—water (آب), fire (آتش), wind (باد), and earth (خاک)—to depict the transience of human life and inevitable mortality. The poem illustrates life being consumed by the 'water' of weeping eyes and the 'fire' of a sorrowful heart, only to pass fleetingly like the 'wind' and ultimately conclude in 'earth' or dust as the pure soul departs and the physical body perishes.

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Updated 2026-07-04

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Humanities

Literature

Persian Literature Prerequisite Course