Concept

The Inner Pharaoh and the Fire of Moses in Attar's Mokhtar Nameh (Chapter 12, Poem 3)

In Chapter 12, Poem 3 of Attar's Mokhtar Nameh, the poet uses the figures of Moses and Pharaoh to represent profound internal spiritual realities. The 'Fire of Moses' symbolizes divine illumination and direct revelation, while the 'Pharaoh' represents the unyielding, tyrannical ego (nafs). The poem asserts the spiritual impossibility of experiencing divine presence while still harboring the ego, emphasizing that true mystical transformation requires the complete eradication of the tyrannical self.

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Updated 2026-07-04

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Humanities

Literature

Persian Literature Prerequisite Course