Concept

The Pharaoh of Desire and Pharaonic Wine in Attar's Mokhtar Nameh (Chapter 44, Poem 69)

In Poem 69 of Chapter 44 in Attar's Mokhtar Nameh, the poet employs the striking metaphor of the 'Pharaoh of desire' (فرعون هوا) to represent the ego and worldly attachments. To combat this powerful internal tyrant, the speaker calls for 'Pharaonic wine'—a potent, divine ecstasy or spiritual intoxication capable of overwhelming and 'drowning' the ego, much like the historical Pharaoh drowned in the sea. This reflects the Sufi theme of using spiritual intoxication to achieve annihilation of the lower self.

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Updated 2026-07-06

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Humanities

Literature

Persian Literature Prerequisite Course