In this section of the article, it explains the most important step of empirical research of the research question.

• The clarity of the question important because there is no single analysis on one topic to prove or "undermine" this topic.
• One must be clear about whether the inferences are casual (the process of determining the independent effect of a phenomenon)- must state a hypothetical intervention (hypothetical setting)
• Before creating a statistical procedure, one must you have to define the "thing" that you are trying to measure.
• Without this language, researchers tend to get confused and have constraints of regression.
• Stating the theoretical estimand, is able to clarify two points: (1) the unit-specific quantity and (2) the target population