The evolutionary perspective posits that aggression is an adaptive behavior that has been preserved through natural selection. According to this theory, aggressive tendencies served crucial functions for ancestral survival and reproduction, such as displaying dominance to secure mates and protecting genetic lineage.

Evolutionary Theory of Aggression

The Frustration-Aggression Theory posits that aggression is a direct result of being obstructed from reaching a significant goal. According to this theory, when an individual's pursuit of an important objective is blocked, a state of frustration arises, which in turn leads to aggressive behavior.

Frustration-Aggression Theory

Various theories have been proposed to explain the origins and functions of human aggression. These theories offer different perspectives, including evolutionary and psychological explanations for why individuals engage in harmful behavior.

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Aggression is defined as any behavior intended to cause harm or pain to another person. It is a core topic in social psychology, encompassing a range of actions with different underlying motivations.

Aggression

Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020, April 22). Psychology (2nd ed.). OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction

OpenStax Psychology (2nd ed.) Textbook

- Observed in most vertebrates, related to mating
- Men are more physically aggressive than women
- The large sex differences indicate that sex hormones play a role

Intermale aggression

- Classical psychoanalytic theory of Sigmund Freud considers aggressive impulses to be innate and derived from what he considered a death instinct
- Many non-Freudian psychoanalysts and most nonpsychoanalytically oriented psychologists view aggression as socially learned or as a reaction to frustration

Aggression in Psychoanalysis 

Based on the underlying motivation, human aggression can be categorized into two primary forms: hostile and instrumental. This distinction hinges on whether the aggression is driven by emotional anger with the intent to cause pain (hostile) or by the pursuit of a separate goal (instrumental).

Types of Aggression Based on Motive

Theories of Aggression

Bullying is a form of repeated, intentional aggression aimed at inflicting harm on a victim, who is often an adolescent. Recognized as a significant international public health issue, this behavior can manifest as physical, psychological, emotional, or social abuse.

Bullying

Aggression is classified into two main types based on its underlying motivation. Hostile aggression is driven by anger with the direct intent to cause pain. In contrast, instrumental aggression is goal-oriented, where inflicting pain is not the primary objective but may occur as a means to achieve a different outcome.

Types of Aggression: Hostile and Instrumental

Albert Bandura's Bobo doll experiment provides a famous example of a behavioral measure used to operationally define physical aggression in a naturalistic setting. Researchers allowed children to play in a room containing a clown-shaped punching bag and counted the specific number of aggressive acts—such as hitting with a mallet, punching, or kicking—that each child committed during a $$20$$-minute period.

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