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Three Dimensions of Attribution for Negative Events

Within the reformulated theory of learned helplessness, attributions for negative events are analyzed along three key dimensions. The first is internal vs. external, which distinguishes between blaming personal inadequacies and blaming environmental factors. The second is stable vs. unstable, which concerns whether the cause is seen as permanent or changeable. The third is global vs. specific, which differentiates between believing the outcome reflects a widespread personal failing versus an issue confined to a particular area.

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Updated 2025-10-06

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