The nation of Econlandia is currently experiencing a significant increase in government spending and a sharp rise in global energy prices. Both of these events are creating upward pressure on prices. However, Econlandia's independent central bank has maintained a firm and credible commitment to its long-term inflation target of 2%. Assuming the central bank continues its current policy stance and maintains its independence, what is the most likely long-run inflation rate for Econlandia?

Fiscal Policy vs. Central Bank's Target

Predicting Long-Run Inflation

In an economy where the central bank is independent and maintains a credible, stable inflation target, a permanent increase in the government's budget deficit will cause the long-run inflation rate to be permanently higher than the central bank's target.

Central Bank Independence and Inflation Outcomes

Consider an economy where an independent central bank has a credible and stable long-term inflation target. For each economic event listed below, match it with the most likely impact on the economy's long-run inflation rate.

For the past decade, a country's economy has experienced a stable inflation rate of approximately 2% per year. This stability is widely attributed to the actions of its independent central bank, which has a publicly stated and credible inflation target of 2%. The government then implements a significant and permanent increase in its spending programs without raising taxes. Following this policy change, the central bank officially announces that it is permanently raising its inflation target to 3

An economy is in a stable state with inflation at the central bank's 2% target. Suddenly, a permanent surge in consumer spending pushes aggregate demand higher, causing inflation to rise above the 2% target. To fulfill its mandate, the independent central bank intervenes. Arrange the following events in the logical sequence that describes how the central bank's actions will guide the economy back to its long-run inflation target.

Evaluating Claims About Inflation Determinants

Two economic advisors for a country are debating how to ensure a stable and low inflation rate over the next decade.

• Advisor 1 argues: 'The most crucial factor is fiscal discipline. We must pass laws to permanently limit government budget deficits, as this is the only way to control the money supply and, therefore, long-run inflation.'
• Advisor 2 argues: 'While fiscal health is important, the ultimate anchor for long-run inflation is establishing an independent central bank with

How Central Banks Use Policy Rates to Control Inflation