Niccolai, Valentina & Jennes, Janina & Stoerig, Petra & van Leeuwen, Tessa. (2012). Modality and Variability of Synesthetic Experience. The American journal of psychology. 125. 81-94.

Link: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221721139_Modality_and_Variability_of_Synesthetic_Experience/download?_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0UGFnZSI6Il9kaXJlY3QiLCJwYWdlIjoiX2RpcmVjdCJ9fQ

Modality and Variability of Synesthetic Experience.

LIST OF SYNESTHESIA TYPES BY PREVALENCE. (2024, August 8). The Synesthesia Tree. https://www.thesynesthesiatree.com/2021/04/list-of-synesthesia-types-by-prevalence.html

Synesthesia Tree

Grapheme-color synesthesia is described as a synesthete perceives a color when they see a number or a letter. This is the most common type of synesthesia with 64.4% of all synesthetes experiencing it. 

To test this, Baron-Cohen created the synesthesia battery test (aka "The Battery") where a person would choose a specific color from 16.7 million options and the amount of times that color is chosen consistently determines the genuineness of the synesthesia. A score less than one indicates a person with synesthesia.

These synesthetes have been found to have an enhanced working memory and episodic memory through Rothen, Ward, and Seth's study in 2018. Additionally, these synesthetes have been shown to discriminate between colors very well.

Grapheme-color synesthesia

There are many different types of synesthesia that incorporates two or more of the five senses (sight, smell, hearing, taste, and touch). Additionally there are some types of synesthesia that utilizes spatial awareness and time.

Jackson State University

Synesthesia (or synaesthesia) is a psychological phenomenon where a person experiences one stimulation or use one sensory pathway and another sensory pathway activates simultaneously. This phenomenon effects around 4% of the population. For instance, as someone is listening to an orchestra performance, they may see a variety of colors dependent on the pitches of the piece or the piece as whole that is being performed. There are many types of synesthesia including grapheme-color synesthesia (associating a color to written numbers or letters) and chromesthesia (also known as "colored-hearing" where one sees colors when hearing certain sounds).

Synesthesia (or Synaesthesia)

Murray, R. (2021). A review of Synesthesia: historical and current perspectives. University of Wisconsin- La Crosse. Retrieved November 9, 2022, from https://www.uwlax.edu/globalassets/offices-services/urc/jur-online/pdf/2021/murray.ryan.psy.pdf 

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