Various genes have shown to be differentially expressed in COVID-19 patient bronchial alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) as compared to control data. The following list includes upregulated genes involved in known, clinical characterizations of COVID-19.

• cytokine storm ( CCL2/3/4/7/8, CXCL1/2/6/8/28, CCL3L3, CCL4L2)
• hypoxia (HIF1A, HLF)
• inflammasome /sepsis (IL1R1/2, IL5RA, IL33, IL31RA)

Immunity markers:

• alveolar cells (EHF, PAX9, ELF3, GHRL2)
• immune cells (RFX3, SOX5, TP63, HOPX)
• antiviral regulation (NR3C2)
• lymphocyte B cells (CD24 and CD38)
• lymphocyte T cells (CD4, CD8) (detected but not consistently upregulated)

Notable upregulated genes:

• Cytokines
• Epiregulin (EREG)
• Eph ligand genes (EFNA1, EFNA5)