Although Skinner and other early behaviorists advocated for usage of only reinforcements and not punishments on human subjects, there have been notable instances of practitioners of ABA using punishments in their therapy approaches. One of the earliest examples of practitioners openly using aversives was Ole Ivar Lovaas, whose work was well-known (and already controversial) in the late 1960s and early 1970s. In a 1965 study, Lovaas used electric shocks on autistic children whose “bizarre” behaviors would not respond to traditional treatment efforts. Usage of punishments has declined sharply since then, though there is still one school in the United States permitted to use electric shocks as part of their disciplinary strategy.