A viral plaque is a visible area of cellular destruction (such as a region of no growth within a cloudy bacterial lawn) formed when viruses like bacteriophages infect and lyse host cells.

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Because viruses are obligate intracellular parasites, viral cultivation requires the presence of some form of host cell, which can be provided via a whole living organism (in vivo), a developing embryo, or cell cultures (in vitro).

Cultivation of Viruses

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Microbiology covers the scope and sequence requirements for a single-semester microbiology course for non-majors. The book presents the core concepts of microbiology with a focus on applications for careers in allied health. The pedagogical features of the text make the material interesting and accessible while maintaining the career-application focus and scientific rigor inherent in the subject matter. Microbiology’s art program enhances students’ understanding of concepts through clear and effective illustrations, diagrams, and photographs.

Microbiology is produced through a collaborative publishing agreement between OpenStax and the American Society for Microbiology Press. The book aligns with the curriculum guidelines of the American Society for Microbiology.

OpenStax Microbiology Textbook

In vitro viral cultivation involves growing viruses outside of a living organism by utilizing host cells within a controlled, artificial environment, with flat horizontal cell culture flasks being a common vessel for this work.

In Vitro Viral Cultivation

In vivo viral cultivation is the process of growing viruses within a whole living host organism, which can be a plant or an animal.

In Vivo Viral Cultivation

A bacterial lawn is a dense, uniform layer of bacteria grown on a solid medium (such as 0.7% soft agar in a Petri dish) that is used to support the cultivation and growth of bacteriophages.

Bacterial Lawn

Viral Plaque

The cultivation of animal viruses requires cells from a host animal or animal-derived tissue culture, serving purposes such as identifying pathogenic viruses in clinical samples, producing vaccines, and conducting basic research.

Cultivation of Animal Viruses

Viral cultivation in embryonated bird eggs (such as chicken or turkey eggs) uses the developing embryo as an incubator for replication, which is commonly used to produce vaccines like the annual influenza vaccine.

Viral Cultivation in Embryonated Eggs

Viral replication within a developing bird embryo can lead to tissue damage resulting in pox lesions, disruptions in embryonic development, or embryonic death.

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