”describes actively choosing to postpone certain actions or decisions, voluntarily putting off certain tasks, or preferring doing certain things later while ignoring potential consequences”

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

- Procrastination-”intentionally putting something off or voluntarily delaying an intended course of actions although one expects negative consequences due to this delay”
- Research has shown that approximately 50% of students report being frequent procrastinators 
- The Pure Procrastination Scale (PPS) was created to compile a concise 12 question self-reported survey of procrastination that draws together previous surveys’ work 
- The PPS distinguishes between voluntary delay and observed delay
- Much of the literature on procrastination only uses self-report measures and doesn’t actually measure behavioral outcomes 

Links between self-reports of procrastination and actual procrastination study introduction

Zuber, S., Cauvin, S., Haas, M., Daviet, A. S., Da Silva Coelho, C., & Kliegel, M. (2020). Do self‐reports of procrastination predict actual behavior?. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, e1843.

Voluntary delay

”a more passive notion of generally not being able to meet deadlines or frequently running out of time”

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