In 1903, Walter Dill Scott published two landmark books, 'The Theory of Advertising' and 'Psychology of Advertising.' These publications are recognized as the first to formally describe how psychology could be utilized in a business context.

Scott's Early Publications on Psychology in Business

Walter Dill Scott further developed his ideas on applied psychology with the publication of two more books in 1911: 'Influencing Men in Business' and 'Increasing Human Efficiency in Business.'

Scott's Later Publications on Business Efficiency

In 1916, Walter Dill Scott's expertise in applied psychology led to his hiring by a newly established division within the Carnegie Institute of Technology, where his primary role was to conduct research on employee selection.

Scott's Research at Carnegie Institute of Technology

In support of the World War I effort, a group organized by Walter Dill Scott and Walter Bingham under the Adjutant General’s Office (AGO) developed methods for selecting military officers. They created a comprehensive system that included a catalogue of occupational needs, a job-description system, performance ratings, and occupational skill tests.

Selection of Officers in WWI

A student of Wilhelm Wundt, Walter Dill Scott was a pioneering psychologist who first applied psychological principles to business. He authored foundational books on advertising and business efficiency. During World War I, he collaborated with Walter Bingham to develop selection methods for army officers. His work in applied research also included a role at the Carnegie Institute of Technology, where he studied employee selection.

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Several influential early psychologists studied issues that are now categorized as industrial psychology. Key figures include:
- James Cattell (1860–1944)
- Hugo Münsterberg (1863–1916)
- Walter Dill Scott (1869–1955)
- Robert Yerkes (1876–1956)
- Lillian Gilbreth (1878–1972)
- Walter Bingham (1880–1952)
- Elton Mayo (1880–1949)

Influential Figures in Industrial Psychology

Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920) was a German scientist recognized as the first individual to be referred to as a psychologist. He viewed psychology as the scientific study of conscious experience, believing its primary goal was to identify the fundamental components of consciousness and understand how they combine to create that experience. To achieve this, Wundt utilized 'internal perception,' or introspection, a process where individuals objectively examine their own conscious thoughts, treating the human mind as an observable aspect of nature. His approach, termed experimental introspection, relied on instruments to precisely measure reaction times. He also championed voluntarism, the idea that individuals possess free will and should be aware of a psychological experiment's intent if they participate. Wundt authored 'Principles of Physiological Psychology' in 1873 and later published 'Völkerpsychologie' in 1904, advocating for the inclusion of cultural studies in psychology. Although he laid the groundwork, it was his student, Edward Titchener, who formally developed structuralism.

Wilhelm Wundt

Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020, April 22). Psychology (2nd ed.). OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction

OpenStax Psychology (2nd ed.) Textbook

A student of Wilhelm Wundt, James Cattell's contributions to industrial psychology include founding the Psychological Corporation, a psychological consulting company that is still in operation. His influence also extends to the accomplishments of his students in the field of industrial psychology at Columbia University.

James Cattell

Hugo Münsterberg, a student of Wilhelm Wundt, made significant contributions to industrial psychology. In 1913, he published 'Psychology and Industrial Efficiency,' a foundational text that addressed topics such as employee selection, training, and effective advertising.

Hugo Münsterberg

As president of the American Psychological Association (APA) during World War I, Robert Yerkes played a key role in applying psychology to military efforts. He organized and led a group under the Surgeon General's Office that was responsible for developing methods to screen enlisted men, leading to the creation of the Army Alpha and Army Beta intelligence tests.

Robert Yerkes

During World War I, Walter Bingham collaborated with Walter Dill Scott to lead a group under the Adjutant General’s Office (AGO). Their work focused on developing methods for selecting military officers, which involved creating a catalogue of occupational needs, a job-description system, performance ratings, and occupational skill tests.

Walter Bingham

Walter Dill Scott

In addition to their academic roles, the pioneering researchers in industrial psychology were also practitioners who worked as consultants for businesses, applying their scientific findings to real-world problems.

Applied Work of Early Industrial Psychologists

Elton Mayo (1880–1949) was a key researcher whose work marked a turning point in industrial psychology. Between 1929 and 1932, he and his colleagues conducted the influential Hawthorne Studies, which shifted the focus of workplace research from physical conditions to interpersonal and social dynamics, leading to the emergence of organizational psychology as a distinct field.

Elton Mayo

Lillian Gilbreth was a prominent industrial-organizational psychologist who, with her husband Frank, used time and motion studies to make workers more efficient by reducing task-related movements. Her work, which improved the fit between humans and technology, is considered foundational to the field of ergonomics. Gilbreth applied these efficiency methods not only in industry but also in homes, offices, and shops. She also investigated employee fatigue and time management stress, finding that motivation is driven by both money and job satisfaction. Known as the 'mother of modern management,' she authored 'The Psychology of Management' in 1914 and received numerous honors, including being the first woman in the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and a recipient of the Hoover Medal.

Lillian Gilbreth

A manufacturing company is facing two major challenges: 1) improving the accuracy of its hiring process for new managers, and 2) increasing the physical efficiency of its assembly line workers by optimizing their movements. Which pair of early psychologists' work would be most directly applicable to addressing these two distinct problems, respectively?

Established by Wilhelm Wundt at the University of Leipzig in 1879, this was the first laboratory dedicated to experimental psychology. In this lab, Wundt and his students conducted experiments on phenomena such as reaction times. A typical experiment involved a subject, sometimes isolated from the researcher, receiving a stimulus like a light, image, or sound. The subject would then react, for instance by pushing a button, and a specialized apparatus would record the reaction time with a precision of up to one-thousandth of a second.

First Psychology Laboratory

A philosophical notion promoted by Wilhelm Wundt, voluntarism is the belief that people possess free will. In the context of research, this principle holds that individuals participating in a psychological experiment should be made aware of the experiment's intentions.

Voluntarism (Psychology)

Edward Titchener was a student of Wilhelm Wundt who is credited with developing the school of thought known as structuralism. His approach focused on analyzing the contents of mental processes rather than their functions.

Edward Titchener

Authored by Wilhelm Wundt and published in 1873, 'Principles of Physiological Psychology' is a foundational book in the history of psychology that helped establish the field as a scientific discipline.

Principles of Physiological Psychology

In his 1904 work 'Völkerpsychologie,' Wilhelm Wundt proposed that the field of psychology should broaden its scope to include the study of culture and its effects on people.

Völkerpsychologie

A research method championed by Wilhelm Wundt, also known as 'internal perception,' in which an individual examines their own conscious experience as objectively as possible. The goal is to break down conscious experience into its fundamental components, treating the mind as an observable aspect of nature.

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