Personal smartphone use essentially breaks the border of the work-nonwork domain because employees get to keep in contact with anyone that is in their non-work domain.  

Wayne State University

This theory proposes how employees try to balance their work-nonwork domain and it explains how the borders of work-nonwork domain are constructed. 

The Border Theory in the Workplace

 Patterer, A.S., Yanagida, T., Kühnel, J. and Korunka, C. (2021), Staying in touch, yet expected to be? A diary study on the relationship between personal smartphone use at work and work–nonwork interaction. J Occup Organ Psychol, 94: 735-761. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12348

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