Personal smartphone use essentially breaks the border of the work-nonwork domain because employees get to keep in contact with anyone that is in their non-work domain.  

What the border theory has to do with personal smartphone use

This theory proposes how employees try to balance their work-nonwork domain and it explains how the borders of work-nonwork domain are constructed. 

Wayne State University

Work interaction in the workplace is employees interacting with anything related to work at work whereas non-work interaction is employees interacting with anything not related to work at work. It is ideal to have a balance of both. 

Work-Nonwork Interaction in the Workplace

 Patterer, A.S., Yanagida, T., Kühnel, J. and Korunka, C. (2021), Staying in touch, yet expected to be? A diary study on the relationship between personal smartphone use at work and work–nonwork interaction. J Occup Organ Psychol, 94: 735-761. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12348

Staying in touch, yet expected to be? 

Employees use their smartphones at work for many personal reasons such as keeping in contact with their loved ones such as family and friends, but it can bring benefits and disadvantages in the workplace. 

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