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Research aimed at creating enduring behavioral changes requires a between-subjects design because participants cannot return to their original baseline state after treatment. For example, in a study testing the effectiveness of psychotherapy or attempting to reduce prejudice through cross-racial interaction, successful treatments permanently alter the participants. Consequently, they can no longer serve in a subsequent control condition, making a within-subjects design impossible.

Example of Long-Term Change in Between-Subjects Designs

When conducting research aimed at creating an enduring behavioral change, such as evaluating the effectiveness of a new psychotherapy, why is a between-subjects design required rather than a within-subjects design?

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