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When writing research reports or planning presentations, researchers typically incorporate scientific theories in one of two basic ways. The first approach is to raise a new research question, conduct a study to answer it, and subsequently offer one or more theories to interpret the results; this is ideal for applied questions or when existing theories are insufficient. The second approach is to describe existing theories, derive a hypothesis from one of them, test it in a new study, and then reevaluate the theory based on the findings, which is effective when established theories already address the topic.

Ways to Incorporate Theory into Research

When established scientific theories already address a research topic, which approach do researchers typically use to incorporate theory into their study?

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