An investigation examining self-reported stress symptoms among aging and retired Finnish food industry workers found that these symptoms were associated with morbidity 11 years later. The study also predicted the onset of musculoskeletal, nervous system, and endocrine and metabolic disorders (Salonen, Arola, Nygård, & Huhtala, 2008).

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Profoundly negative health consequences can arise when stress becomes extreme or chronic. This prolonged stress is a significant contributor to the onset and progression of various psychological disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder, as well as a wide range of physical illnesses and diseases.

Negative Health Consequences of Chronic and Extreme Stress

Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020, April 22). Psychology (2nd ed.). OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction

OpenStax Psychology (2nd ed.) Textbook

Cardiovascular disorders, which affect the heart and blood circulation system, are serious medical conditions that are central to the study of psychophysiological health. Extensive research has consistently demonstrated a strong link between these disorders and psychological factors, showing they are significantly influenced by stress and negative emotions like anger, negative affectivity, and depression.

Cardiovascular Disorders

Asthma is a chronic and serious respiratory disease characterized by the obstruction of airways, which makes it difficult to expel air from the lungs. This obstruction is a result of two primary factors: inflammation that causes the airway walls to thicken, and the tightening of muscles surrounding the airways, which leads to their narrowing. Consequently, individuals with asthma may experience recurring episodes of symptoms such as wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing, which often occurs more frequently in the morning and at night.

Asthma

The immune system functions as the body's surveillance and defense network. It is composed of a complex array of structures, cells, and mechanisms designed to protect the body from invading microorganisms. A properly functioning immune system maintains health and prevents disease by identifying and eliminating harmful agents such as bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances that could damage tissues and organs.

Immune System

Psychological disorders are broadly characterized as conditions involving abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. More formally, the American Psychiatric Association (APA) defines a psychological disorder as a syndrome that includes a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior. This disturbance is understood to reflect a dysfunction in the underlying psychological, biological, or developmental processes of mental functioning and is typically associated with significant distress or impairment in important areas of life.

Psychological Disorders

Tension headaches are a common psychophysiological disorder characterized by a dull, aching pain often described as a tight band around the head. Stress and other emotional factors are known to be significant triggers that can either cause or worsen these headaches.

Tension Headaches

Psychophysiological disorders are physical diseases or conditions characterized by genuine physical symptoms. These symptoms are either initially caused or significantly worsened by stress and other emotional factors. The term itself highlights the interplay between psychological ('psycho') and physiological ('physiological') elements in these conditions.

Psychophysiological Disorders

Based on a comprehensive statistical review of numerous studies, researchers Friedman and Booth-Kewley proposed the concept of disease-prone personality characteristics. This idea suggests that certain personality traits, such as depression, anger/hostility, and anxiety, may predispose individuals to developing physical illnesses.

Disease-Prone Personality

The well-documented link between social class and health outcomes can be partly explained by the concept of perceived control. Research indicates that more affluent individuals generally report better health, a phenomenon attributed to their stronger belief in their ability to manage life's stressors. This sense of control acts as a psychological resource that influences health behaviors and responses to stress.

Relationship Between Social Status, Stress, and Health

The immune system is a primary biological pathway through which psychological stress can lead to or worsen physical illness. An effective analogy illustrates this relationship: stress is not the direct cause of illness (the 'sword that kills the knight'), but rather the factor that weakens the body's defenses (the 'sword that breaks the knight's shield'), with the immune system acting as that shield.

The Immune System as a Mediator Between Stress and Illness

A pioneering 2004 study offered a biological explanation for the 'haggard' appearance often associated with stressed individuals, proposing that chronic stress can hasten the aging process at the cellular level.

Stress-Induced Acceleration of Cellular Aging

Research indicates a connection between exposure to stressful life events and the development of asthma throughout an individual's life. This link is particularly evident with stressors involving parental or interpersonal conflicts.

Link Between Interpersonal Stress and Asthma Development

Numerous studies have provided evidence that stress has a detrimental effect on the body's immune system, weakening its ability to function properly. This compromised immunity is a key mechanism by which stress and emotional factors can contribute to the onset or exacerbation of physical diseases, such as psychophysiological disorders.

Stress-Induced Immune System Weakening

Work-Related Stress and Morbidity (Finnish Study)

A study involving male South Korean manufacturing employees demonstrated a link between stress and physical illness. Employees who reported high levels of work-related stress were found to be more likely to catch the common cold over the following several months compared to employees who reported lower levels of work-related stress (Park et al., 2011).

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